Pan-cancer analysis of HS6ST2: associations with prognosis, tumor immunity, and drug resistance.

OBJECTIVES: In this comprehensive study spanning 33 malignancies, we explored the differential expression and prognostic significance of Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2). METHODS: TIMER2, UALCAN, and GEPIA2 were used for the expression analysis. cBioPortal was used for mutational analysis. CancerSEA, STRING, and DAVID, were employed for the single cell sequencing data analysis, protein-protein interaction network development, and gene enrichment analyses, respectively. GSCAlite and RT-qPCR were used for drug sensitivity and expression validation analysis. RESULTS: HS6ST2 exhibited significant (P < 0.05) overexpression in multiple cancers. Prognostically, elevated HS6ST2 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), kidney chromophobe (KICH), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), emphasizing its potential as a prognostic indicator in these cancers. Moreover, HS6ST2 expression correlated with pathological stages in CESC, KICH, LUAD, and STAD patients. Exploration of genetic alterations using cBioPortal unveiled distinct mutational landscapes, with low mutation frequencies in CESC, KICH, LUAD, and STAD. Additionally, reduced DNA methylation in CESC, KICH, LUAD, and STAD suggested a potential link between hypomethylation and heightened HS6ST2 expression. Analysis of immune cell infiltration revealed a positive correlation between HS6ST2 expression and the infiltration of CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells in CESC, KICH, LUAD, and STAD, highlighting its involvement in the tumor immunology processes. Single-cell functional states analysis demonstrated associations between HS6ST2 and diverse cellular processes. Moreover, gene enrichment analysis revealed the involvement HS6ST2 in crucial cellular activities. GSCAlite analysis underscored the potential of HS6ST2 as a therapeutic target, showing associations with drug sensitivity. Finally, experimental validation through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry in LUAD tissues confirmed elevated HS6ST2 expression. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of HS6ST2 in CESC, KICH, LUAD, and STAD, emphasizing its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

Effectiveness Evaluation of Viti's vinifera Leaf Extract on the Viability of Echinococcus Eggs and Protoscolices In Vitro.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the genus Echinococcus. Globally, it is one of the most central helminthic diseases. Surgery remains the method of choice to remove cystic Echinococcus. Various sporicidal agents have been used to invalidate the substances in hydatid cysts. Nevertheless, many sporicidal agents cause inflammation and can cause side complications, so their use should be limited. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Vitis vinifera leaf methanolic extract as a sporicidal agent for Echinococcus eggs and protoscolices and determines the best concentration. The mortality and viability of protoscolices were measured in samples exposed to four concentrations of V. vinifera leaf extract (VVLE) (5, 10, 30, and 50 mg/mL) for 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and in eggs exposed to three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. An infrared spectroscopy chemical test was conducted to assess the presence of numerous expected active components in the extract. The viability of eggs and protoscolices was confirmed using 0.1% eosin staining. Vinifera leaf extract exhibited the decisive sporicidal effect at 100%, 91%, 60%, and 41% after 30 min at concentrations of 50, 30, 10, and 5 mg/mL, and in eggs at 11% and 19% after 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 200 mg/mL, respectively. Increased incubation times and higher dosages often increase mortality. The results exhibited that V. vinifera is effective. This study confirmed that grape leaf extract has high sporicidal activity in vitro. However, more studies are required to determine the exact active chemical and its action mechanism and perform in vivo utilization to confirm these results.

In Vitro: The Effects of the Anticoccidial Activities of Calotropis procera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria stiedae Oocysts Isolated from Rabbits.

Hepatic coccidiosis is an infectious and mortal disease that causes global economic losses in rabbits. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of Calotropis procure leaf extracts on the inhibition of Eimeria stiedae oocysts and to determine the optimal dosage for suppressing the parasite's infective phase. In this experiment, oocyst samples per milliliter were tested, and 6-well plates (2 mL) of 2.5% potassium dichromate solution containing 102 non-sporulated oocysts on Calotropis procera leaf extracts were exposed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the treatments were as follows: a nontreated control, 25%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of C. procera for oocyst activities. In addition, amprolium was utilized as a reference drug. The Calotropis procera was analyzed by GC-Mass, and results showed that the botanical extract contained 9 chemical components that were able to inhibit the oocysts of E. stiedae at 100% and 150% concentrations by about 78% and 93%, respectively. In general, an increase in the incubation period and a greater dose resulted in a decrease in the inhibition rate. The results showed that C. procera has an effective ability, inhibitory potential, and protective effect on the coccidian oocyst sporulation of E. stiedae. It can be used in the disinfection and sterilization of poultry and rabbit houses to get rid of Eimeria oocysts.

In vivo anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of avocado fruit, Persea americana (Lauraceae), against Eimeria papillata infection.

Apicomplexan parasites, especially Eimeria sp., are the main intestinal murine pathogens, that lead to severe injuries to farm and domestic animals. Many anticoccidial drugs are available for coccidiosis, which, leads to the development of drug-resistant parasites. Recently, natural products are considered as an alternative agent to control coccidiosis. This study was designed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of the Persea americana fruit extract (PAFE) in male C57BL/6 mice. A total of 35 male mice were divided into seven equal groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7). At day 0, all groups except the first group which served as uninfected-untreated control were infected orally with 1 × 103E. papillata sporulated oocysts. Group 2 served as uninfected-treated control. Group 3 was considered an infected-untreated group. After 60 min of infection, groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with oral doses of PAFE aqueous methanolic extract (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). Group 7 was treated with amprolium (a reference drug for coccidiosis). PAFE with 500 mg/kg, was the most effective dose, inducing a significant reduction in the output of oocysts in mice feces (by about 85.41%), accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of the developmental parasite stages and a significant elevation of the goblet cells in the jejunal tissues. Upon treatment, a significant change in the oxidative status due to E. papillata infection was observed, where the levels of glutathione (GSH) increased, while, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were decreased. In addition, the infection significantly upregulated the inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This increase in mRNA expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was about 8.3, 10.6, and 4.5-fold, respectively, which significantly downregulated upon treatment. Collectively, P. americana is a promising medicinal plant with anticoccidial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and could be used for the treatment of coccidiosis.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Eimeria spp. Infecting Domestic Poultry Gallus gallus in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

Coccidiosis in chickens is one of the major problems in the poultry industry, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. The current study used morphological and molecular characteristics to identify Eimeria spp. infecting domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. In this study, 120 domestic poultry were examined and 30 were found to be infected with oocysts of Eimeria spp. (25%). According to the morphology of the recorded oocysts, five species were found. Eimeria necatrix was the first species discovered, and it was distinguished by oblong, ovoid-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls that measured 20 (23-23) and 17 (16-20) µm. The second species was Eimeria maxima, which had oval- to egg-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 28 (26-29) and 23 (20-24) µm. The third species was Eimeria tenella, characterized by oval-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 21 (20-24) × 17 (16-20) µm. Eimeria praecox was the fourth species that was characterized by spherical-shaped oocysts with single-layered walls and measurements of 21 (19-23) × 20 (19-20) µm. Eimeria acervulina was the last species to have oval-shaped oocysts with double-layered walls and measurements of 20 (18-25) and 17 (14-20) µm. The percentages of infection with Eimeria species were as follows: E. tenella, 10.84%; E. necatrix, 5.84%; E. acervulina, 4.16%; E. maxima, 2.5%; and E. praecox, 1.66%. Nested PCR based on the amplification of internal transcribed spacer I (ITS-I) regions confirmed the presence of the five Eimeria species in the examined fecal samples with their specific amplicon sizes: E. necatrix (383 bp), E. maxima (145 bp), E. tenella (278 bp), E. praecopx (116 bp), and E. acervulina (321 bp).

The Anticoccidial Effect of Alcoholic Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria papillate Oocysts Isolated in Mice In Vitro and In Vivo.

Eimeria spp. causes eimeriosis in the guts of numerous domestic mammals and poultry, and the employment of medication and the effects of certain aspects of synthetic anticoccidials in the treatment of eimeriosis have given rise to the appearance of resistant parasites that require the search for alternate remedies. Natural products, which are safe and have no negative impact on the environment, may be utilized in the therapy of an enormous range of parasitic infections. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of VVLE on the oocyst sporulation of an E. papillate infection in the mouse jejunum. In addition, obtaining the ideal concentration will interrupt the parasite's life cycle and limit infection. In vitro: Collected unsporulated oocysts (1 × 103) of E. papillata were given six different concentrations (w/v) of Vitis vinifera leaf extract (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/mL) and toltrazuril (25 mg/mL), three replicates per group, whereas the control group received 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. In vivo: The mice were separated into six groups; the first and second groups did not receive infection, whilst the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were each given 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillate in the experiment. In addition, an oral dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg VVLE were given to the fourth and fifth groups, while the sixth group was given toltrazuril at 25 mg/kg. On the fifth day, unpopulated oocysts were collected from each mouse separately. The incubation period and treatments had considerable impacts on the rate of sporulation. The infrared spectroscopy of V. vinifera extract revealed many expected active classes of chemical compounds. Further, the infection of mice with E. papillata caused an oocyst output of nearly 2 × 104 oocysts/g of faeces. VVLE significantly decreased the oocyst output to nearly 88%. In addition, we detected an inhibitory effect on the sporulation (%) and harm (%) of E. papillata oocysts in a dosage-dependent modality compared with the control group. Furthermore, they destroyed the oocyst morphology in terms of the shape, size, and quantity of sporocysts. The results indicate that grape vines have powerful activity as anticoccidials.

Hepatoprotective activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract in murine malaria mediated by suppression of oxidative and inflammatory processes.

Herbal extracts are promising agents against various parasitic diseases, such as malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative action of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract (ECE) against hepatic damage caused by Plasmodium chabaudi infection. Mice were allocated into five groups as follows: two groups served as the control non-infected groups that received distilled water and ECE, respectively; subsequent three groups were infected with 106 P. chabaudi parasitized erythrocytes; the last two groups were infected with the parasite and then treated with ECE and chloroquine. On day 8 post-infection, the parasite count increased inside erythrocytes (59.4% parasitemia in the infected group). Parasitemia was successfully reduced to 9.4% upon ECE treatment. Phytochemical screening using GC mass spectrometry revealed that ECE contained 23 phytochemical components. Total phenolics and flavonoids in ECE were 104 ± 2 and 7.1± 3 µg/mL, respectively, with 57.2% antioxidant activity. ECE ameliorated changes in liver histopathology and enzymatic activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, ECE prevented oxidative damage induced by the parasite in the liver, as evidenced by the change in the liver concentrations of glutathione, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and catalase. Moreover, ECE was able to regulate the expression of liver cytokines, interleukins-1ß and 6, as well as IFN-γ mRNA. ECE possesses antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity against liver injury induced by the parasite P. chabaudi.

Survey of mange mite infesting sheep in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia.

The study was performed to survey the Sarcoptic mange in sheep and the effect of infection on the local strains during a specific period in different regions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1745 sheep were examined clinically and were selected from the suspected cases for laboratory investigation of skin scrapings for disease diagnosis. The examined animals included (509) Naimi, (396) Najdi, (518) Hurri, and (322) Rufidi native sheep. The results showed that the infestation rate was (12.77%) in all sheep. The highest strain was recorded (17.2%, 14.3%, 9.6%, and 8.6%), respectively. The infestation was highest in sheep over two years of age (15.2%) while it was lowest in sheep under two years of age (11.2 %). In addition, the infection rate in females was higher than in males. The prevalence of mange mites in females was (14%) compared to (11.2%) in males. The highest percentage of infestation was recorded in the head region at 67.2%, followed by that in the neck (4.4%), back (16.5%), tail (11.6%), and legs (0%). The presence of mange mites was discovered by microscopic examination of deep skin scrapings of infected animals that were identified morphologically. The infection was assured by histological investigations. This study revealed that mange mite is one of the most significant sheep health constraints in Riyadh. Therefore, proper prevention measures must be implemented to take into consideration other non-host-related risk factors.

Survey of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in imported Romani and local sheep (Ovis aries), and potential epidemiological role in Saudi Arabia.

The epidemiology of parasite infection in local and imported breeds is quite an essential topic in the meat industry and human health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in local sheep breeds (Naemi, Najdi, and Harri) and imported breeds from Romania (Romani breed) and the epidemiology of the infection in Saudi Arabia. Morphological description, the relationship between dicrocoeliasis and sex, age, and histological changes were also presented. A total of 6845 slaughtered sheep at Riyadh Automated slaughterhouse were investigated and followed up for 4 months between 2020-2021. It included 4,680 local breeds and 2,165 imported Romanian breeds. Fecal samples and livers and gallbladders from slaughtered animals were examined for apparent pathological lesions. The results indicated that the infection rate in slaughtered animals was 10.6% in imported Romani sheep and 0.9% in the local Naeimi breed. After identifying the parasite morphologically, negative results were obtained from examining feces, gallbladders, and livers of Najdi and Harry sheep breeds. The mean number of eggs per 20 µL/gallbladder was low (72.78 ± 17.8: 76.11 ± 5.07), medium (334.59 ± 90.6: 292.91 ± 26.63), and high (1113.2 ± 22.3: 1004 ± 143.4) in imported and Naeime sheep, respectively. Significant differences were found between gender and age (males and females were 3.67% and 6.31%; > 2 years 4.39%, 1-2 years 4.22%, and 1 year 3.53%) respectively. Histopathological lesions in the liver were more pronounced. Our survey confirmed the presence of D. dendriticum in imported Romani and local Naeimi sheep, and the potential role of imported sheep in the epidemiology of dicrocoeliasis in Saudi Arabia.

Cucullanus bulbosus (Lane, 1916) Barreto, 1918 (Nematoda, Cucullanidae) from the common ponyfish Leiognathus equulus (Leiognathidae): Morphology and molecular study.

The common ponyfish Leiognathus equulus is a marine fish species with very high commercial value. Little information is available about its parasitic infections. Based on light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as sequencing and analysis of the partial regions of the ITS-1, 18S rRNA, COX1 genes, were employed for the systematic evaluation of a nematode parasite, which it first isolated from L. equulus in Jeddah Province, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Results revealed that this nematode parasite closely resembles the previously described Cucullanus bulbosus. Microscopic examination showed that it distinguished from congeners by the unique structure of hemispherical elevation at pseudobuccal capsule level, the ratio of esophagus/body length, spicules size, presence of pre-cloacal sucker, rod-shaped gubernaculum, and the arrangement of caudal papillae in males. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS-1, 18S rRNA, and COX1 gene regions were constructed to investigate phylogenetic relationships between this parasite species and other related taxa. Results supported that Cucullanus bulbosus resembles a sister of Cucullanus genypteri, Cucullanus pulcherrimus, Cucullanus bourdini, Cucullanus extraneus, and Cucullanus hainanensis by using different genetic markers. This study provides more information about combining morphological and molecular data to identify Cucullanus species with the first natural occurrence in the common ponyfish inhabited in Saudi Arabia.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles regulate the iron status in the spleen of Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice.

Malaria is a dangerous disease affecting millions around the globe. Biosynthesized nanoparticles are used against a variety of diseases including malaria worldwide. Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the leaf extracts of Indigofera oblongifolia have been used in the treatment of mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi to evaluate the expression of iron regulatory genes in the spleen. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the expected classes of compounds in the extract. AgNPs were able to decrease the parasitemia nearly similar to the used reference drug, chloroquine. In addition, AgNPs significantly decreased the spleen index after infection. Moreover, the iron distribution was increased after the treatment. Finally, AgNPs could regulate the mice spleen iron regulatory genes, Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) and hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (Hamp). Taken together, our findings indicate that AgNPs have antimalarial activity and can control the state of iron in spleen. We need further investigations to determine mechanisms of action of the AgNPs.

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of selenium nanoparticles against murine eimeriosis.

Eimeriosis is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria and infection affecting most domestic animal species. The aim of this research was to comprehend the impact of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on eimeriosis induced by Eimeria papillata in mouse jejunum, and how they work as antioxidants and anti-apoptotic agents against eimeriosis. The numbers of meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts of E. papillata reduced after the infected mice were treated with the SeNPs. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and other oxidative stress-related molecules, such as glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were assayed. E. papillata was able to change the redox status of the jejunal cells; this was confirmed by the elevation of the MDA and NO levels, and the decrease of the GSH levels and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD. SeNP treatment significantly reversed this disturbance of the redox status. The expression levels of the apoptotic markers Bax and caspase-3 in the jejunal samples were evaluated using qRT-PCR. The SeNPs decreased the Bax and caspase-3 expression after being administered to the E. papillata-infected mice. Collectively, the SeNPs demonstrated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities against murine eimeriosis.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles protect against hepatic injury induced by murine blood-stage malaria infection.

Biosynthesized nanoparticles proposed to have antiplasmodial activities have attracted increasing attention for malaria that considered being one of the foremost hazardous diseases. In this study, Indigofera oblongifolia leaf extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which were characterized utilizing transmission electron microscopy. We investigated the antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective effects of AgNPs against Plasmodium chabaudi-induced infection in mice. Treatment of the infected mice with 50 mg/kg AgNPs for seven days caused a significant decrease in parasitemia and reduced the histopatholoical changes in the liver, as indicated by Ishak's histology index. Further, the AgNPs alleviated the oxidative damage in the liver infected with P. chabaudi. This was evidenced by the changed levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione, as well as increased catalase activity after treatment with AgNPs. In addition, levels of the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased after treatment. Moreover, the findings showed the efficiency of AgNPs in improving the infected mice's erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin content. Generally, our results reported that AgNPs possess antiplasmodial and hepatoprotective properties.